Forward formula pricing in wholesale red meats markets cause transactions quantities and prices to be determined at different times. Use of purchase limits in meat retailing is symptomatic of disequilibrium marketing. Price analysis on specific cuts indicates short-run disequilibrium but...

This paper presents case-study results and aggregate data to evaluate the impact of research in African agriculture. Of 32 case studies, all but eight report annual returns over 20% and many are far higher, with most gains arising in the late 1980s and 1990s. Spurred by policy reforms and...