economic transactions such as migration or international trade flows by imposing hurdles for second language acquisition and … its merits in two different applications. First, the effect of linguistic distance in the language acquisition of … of Spain. Across countries, linguistic distance is negatively correlated with reported language skills of immigrants …

effect that language learning opportunities abroad have on German exports. We employ a gravity model of trade with a single … this effect is confined to institutes offering language training services, which suggests that language requirements and …

I investigate the effect of changing language skills on trade using an unique panel data set on spoken language. It … countries have witnessed an advancing trade integration and large changes in foreign language knowledge. I estimate a … Russia profited from the rise in the percentage of English speakers. Further, in a re-estimation of Fidrmuc and Fidrmuc (2016 …