application of antitrust law to industries under the scope of sectoral regulation. Second, the preferred unbundling method … promote and protect competition in electricity and gas markets. This is done by imposing rules regarding the ‘unbundling’: the … imposed TPA and the different unbundling models. The contribution shows that both regimes have pursued a similar policy …

involved players. Mainstream economists suggest that unbundling of both the transmission (TX) network and the interconnections … compared to costs of unbundling (Kaserman and Mayo, 1991; Kwoka, 2002). Recent literature underlines that net effect is … empirical analysis to evaluate whether, and to what extent, unbundling measures are related to the increase of grid investments …

utilities (VIUs) on the introduction of ownership unbundling, suggesting three different interpretative keys: the “pure pro …