In the wake of the global liberalization of financial and currency markets in the 1970s and 1980s, currency substitution has given rise to increasing policy concern. In developing countries, this phenomenon mainly results from the flight out of the domestic currency as a reaction to...

We profile the US dollar debt incurred by borrowers in a dozen prominent emerging market economies (EMEs). These countries account for the bulk of total US dollar debt owed by EMEs. We measure the dollar borrowing of non-banks resident in these economies as well as that of their affiliates...