What role do the party organizations play in electoral campaigns? While the literature looking at developed countries has emphasized the importance of party canvassing efforts by local party organizations during campaigns (i.e. Black 1984, Krassa 1988, Huckfeldt and Sprague 1992, Denver et. al....

Negative advertising is frequent in electoral campaigns, despite its ambiguous effectiveness: negativity may reduce voters' evaluation of the targeted politician but have a backlash effect for the attacker. We study the effect of negative advertising in electoral races with more than two...