The sixties were a decade of major reform in the guidance of industry in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. In this comparative study of industrial management, the different directions taken by reform in the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, and Yugoslavia are examined against the...

This study offers a comparative analysis of economic reforms in Eastern Europe and China. Some CMEA countries-especially Yugoslavia and Hungary-undertook reforms in the 1960s, while China launched its reform and opening-up in 1978. In light of the lessons learned-concerning planning, markets,...