, equivalent in size to about four times the GDP, as on December 2002. The largest bank represents 61 percent of the sector …

This paper investigates the determinants of bank funding costs for a sample of internationally active banks from 2001 …–12. We find that changes in banks’ unsecured funding costs are associated with bank-specific characteristics such as an … subprime crisis and the Euro Area sovereign debt crisis—have also been key drivers of the sharp rise in bank funding costs. We …

The proposed SDN documents the evolution of bank size and activities over the past 20 years. It discusses whether this … to which bank size and market-based activities contribute to systemic risk. The paper concludes with policy messages in …

We investigate whether low loan-to-deposit (LTD) ratios and high levels of reserve balances at the central bank (or … to lend or sometimes weak investment demand in uncertain environments. We examine changes to central bank (CB) balance … unsterilized increases in FX. Third, CB policy decisions seem to be accompanied by an increase in commercial bank reserve money …

bond returns are high. At the bank level, bondholdings correlate negatively with subsequent lending during sovereign …

policy surprises, we do not detect clear effects of monetary easing on bank stock valuation but find a deterioration of … medium-term bank credit risk in the United States, the euro area, and the United Kingdom. Second, in panel regressions using … U.S. banks’ balance sheet information, we show that bank profitability and risk taking are ambiguously affected, while …