The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of competition, both internal and external, and of the business cycle on … which complies with earlier estimations by the authors. According to the estimations carried out, competition has a … significant impact on the level of markups. This result applies both to internal competition, measured by market concentration …

extent of competition from substitute products. I estimate that, in 2019, public corporations produced consumer surplus in …

importance for competition and economic welfare of food producers and consumers. In Poland, a rising concentration among various …

the "competition effect", by which desired price markups and inflation decrease when entry rises. We find that a 1 percent …