, resulting in gains in terms of both employment and wages for natives, which does not hold for documented immigration. Stricter … immigrants' wages are the lowest of all workers due to their ineligibility for unemployment benefits and lower wage bargaining … effect if it targets employed workers because this leads to a risk premium in their wages. Finally, I present empirical …

estimate a panel data model where immigrants can choose whether to stay or leave a country. The model is estimated using the … German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Outmigrants are found to have significantly lower labor market earnings and work … propensities than permanent migrants …