In case conventional methods such as standard setting combined with inspection for pollution control are difficult to implement in large cities of developing countries, changing the modal structure in favor of modes that pollute less per person and per unit distance transported may be a better...

Rapid urban growth and industrialization has degraded the urban ecosystem. Out of several urban ecosystem components, the impact on ambient air quality is more perceptible. Amongst the several sources of urban air pollution the share of vehicular exhaust emission is rising, over time, in many...