deputies on energy regulation between 1994 and 2003. We apply Poole's optimal classification method of roll call votes using an … ordered probit model to explain energy law reform in the first decade of Russia's democratic transition. Our goal is to … considerable effect on deputies' voting behavior. On the other hand, we concurrently find that regional economic preferences are …

Do sanctions strengthen the targeted regime? I analyze the 2014 imposition of Western sanctions on Russia and its … impact on voting. The US and the EU introduced targeted measures against Russian entities and individuals related to Putin … effect on voting can be explained as rally-around-the-flag in the face of sanctions, as long as voters did not endure …

-marketshock structures of production. Tracking voting outcomes at the district level in Russia's presidential elections, we document …

-market-shock structures of production. Tracking voting outcomes at the district level in Russia's presidential elections, we document …