Based on a unique database including almost 4000 credit files from 33 microfinance institutions (MFIs) located in Aquitaine, this paper intents to fulfill three objectives : identify MFIs operating in the region, evaluate to what extent these MFIs satisfy social needs and finally how the...

French but also European economies are driven by micro, small and medium enterprises. However, evidence shows that micro-enterprises, representing 99 per cent of all newly created businesses, suffer from a lack of external resources, especially those created by socially excluded persons....

Social responsible investment is surging in all industrial countries, despite the conventional wisdom that the inclusion of extra-financial criteria in the stock selection process should arm the financial performance of these funds. As a consequence, many papers have attempted to measure the...