positions in global value chains. In this paper we analyse the relative contribution of R&D to the efficiency (productivity) on …While research and development expenditures are considered a key to productivity growth and development, the question … function approach. The results indicate that R&D capital productivity enhancing effect increases with the level of technology …

performance using different econometric methodologies. This work investigates the effect of debt on production efficiency …-run effect of debt on the production efficiency and, thus, output growth. The results show that, in the short run, as debt … increases by $1 billion, efficiency increases by 0.04%. Additionally, we found that the most indebted countries are the most …