[Background] The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development made the first call for the creation of sustainability indicators to measure the changes in the social, economic, political, and physical factors of sustainability. Different concepts of carbon (Rees, 1992) and water...

General equilibrium models are typically presented with mathematical methods, such as the Edgeworth Box, that do not easily generalize to more than two goods and more than two agents. This is fine as a conceptual introduction, but it may be insufficient in the "Big Data-Machine-Learning-Era",...

We evaluate the dynamics of a small and open economy under simple rules for alternative monetary-policy instruments, in a model with imperfectly anchored expectations. The inflation-targeting consensus indicates that interest-rate rules are preferred, instead of using either a monetary aggregate...

Nationale und internationale Transformationsprozesse machen an den Grenzen einzelner Regionen nicht halt, sondern beeinflussen deren weiteren Entwicklungsverlauf maßgeblich. Gerade strukturschwache Regionen sind in besonderer Weise von Transformationsprozessen betroffen, da Strukturschwäche...

The Gini coefficient is based on the sum of pairwise income differences, which can be decomposed into separate sums for individuals. Differences vis-à-vis poorer people represent an individual's advantage, while those with respect to richer people constitute deprivation. Weighting deprivation...

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to develop an optimization model of CNC turning process. The objective function of the model is to minimize processing time and carbon emission. We implemented the results of optimization with real machining application using a certain workpiece....

This memo discusses effects of COVID-19 on interest rates through the lens of global movements in the natural real interest rate. While government spending and public debt issuance are likely to cause a rise in r*, r* may decline due to precautionary behaviour. The net effect is uncertain.