This paper argues that firms use 'IP-for-IP' policies such as cross-licensing to strategically restrict transactions in the market for technology. The commitment to limit trade to reciprocal exchange (barter instead of cash transactions) enables firms to alter the allocation of R&D and soften...

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Varieties of Efficiency -- 1 Static and Dynamic Efficiency: The Waterwheels of Smeaton and the Franklin Institute -- 2 The Effects of Control: Gérard-Joseph Christian and Perfected Machines -- 3...

Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics...