This article presents a nucleus of organizational levels which attempts to articulate an OD framework which acknowledges how large system change is a systemic interlevel process. This framework describes four levels in terms of a task at each level—bonding at the individual level, creating...

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide a design and implementation framework for ALAR (action learning action research) programme which aims to address collaborative improvement in the extended manufacturing enterprise. Design/methodology/approach – This article demonstrates the...

Accepts that resistance to change by individuals in organizations is a natural phenomenon and is an essential element in understanding any change process. Holds that resistance has its origins in both the personality and the individual′s interaction with the environment and is a dynamic...

Points out that a significant element of an individual′s life is through groups and that there are many different aspects of groups in organizational life. Holds that the informal influence a group exerts on individual members through socialization, enforcement of norms and development of...