Leadership and management gain success from understanding that organisational participation comes through the commitment and involvement of individuals working with one another. The question facing managers is how to encourage and develop organisational participation. The key to unlocking...

Many models and typologies exist in the fields of organisational behaviour and consultation. One model, developed by Rashford and Coghlan, focuses on organisational levels as a framework for managing human resources. Four organisational levels — individual, face‐to‐face team,...

Process consultation is an approach to organisational intervention created by Edgar Schein. It describes a philosophy of helping that is based on the collaborative working of consultant and client, paralleling the client‐centred approach in counselling, and contrasted with consultancy models...

Organisational levels are viewed as important analytic frameworks in organisational behaviour. In organisational behaviour and organisation development texts, they are frequently presented as static otions, providing convenient headings under which particular organisational behaviour elements...