Unbundling of vertically integrated utilities has become an integral element in the regulation of network industries … empirical evidence that unbundling eliminates economies of vertical integration while empirical evidence on price reducing … effects is still lacking. In this paper we study the effect of legal unbundling on grid charges in the German electricity …

promote and protect competition in electricity and gas markets. This is done by imposing rules regarding the ‘unbundling’: the … imposed TPA and the different unbundling models. The contribution shows that both regimes have pursued a similar policy … concerning TPA and to a large degree unbundling mechanisms. Two differences are significant, however. First, the concomitant …

involved players. Mainstream economists suggest that unbundling of both the transmission (TX) network and the interconnections … compared to costs of unbundling (Kaserman and Mayo, 1991; Kwoka, 2002). Recent literature underlines that net effect is … empirical analysis to evaluate whether, and to what extent, unbundling measures are related to the increase of grid investments …