Following liberalization and especially the energy transition, energy infrastructures are developing rapidly and significantly. Electricity networks are expanded to facilitate connection of renewable energies and new load such as heat pumps and electric mobility. On the one hand, gas networks...

What is a good balance between competition and coordination in network industries? Network unbundling aims to promote competition, but this has to be balanced against the downside of unbundling: firm-internal coordination falls away and must be replaced by external market mechanisms. This is a...

Electricity networks currently face massive investment requirements. This paper argues that, given the investment requirements, (international) benchmarking is not an adequate tool for the regulation of transmission system operators (TSO). Errors in the outcomes of benchmarking will likely...