-national governments in Belgium, Italy, and Spain, while re-centralization of health sector expenditures was the cause of the decline in …) - defined as the share of sub-national own spending not financed through own revenues - in four European countries: Belgium …, Italy, Norway, and Spain. The decline in VFI was achieved through progressive devolution of revenues to sub …

-national governments in Belgium, Italy, and Spain, while re-centralization of health sector expenditures was the cause of the decline in …) - defined as the share of sub-national own spending not financed through own revenues - in four European countries: Belgium …, Italy, Norway, and Spain. The decline in VFI was achieved through progressive devolution of revenues to sub …

(R&Cs) in Belgium. Hence, insufficient empirical evidence is available to assess whether the process of Belgian fiscal … improved the overall budget balance compared to the baseline of Belgium having remained a unitary state …

For almost two decades, starting from the early ‘90s, Italy experienced the strongest wave of decentralization reforms … situation of "fiscal federalism" in Italy before the crisis, summarizing the decentralization process in the ‘90s, its …