An increasing proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is produced in urban areas in industrializing and developing countries. Recent research shows that per capita emissions in cities like Bangkok, Cape Town or Shanghai have already reached the level of cities like London, New York or Toronto....

A global target of stabilizing greenhouse-gas concentrations at between 450 and 550 parts per million carbon-dioxide equivalent (ppm COe) has proven robust to recent developments in the science and economics of climate change. Retrospective analysis of the Stern Review (2007) suggests that the...

A global target of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations at between 450ppm CO2e and 550ppm CO2e has proven robust to recent developments in the science and economics of climate change. Retrospective analysis of the Stern Review indicates that the risks were underestimated, suggesting a...

Climate change has turned out to be a major issue. The Clean Development Mechanism is the tool provided by the Kyoto protocol to address emission reduction and to promote sustainable development in developing countries. The challenge to an alternative development path, arising by increasing...

In the political struggle for finding a solution for the global climate crisis participation of civil society voices is explicitly invited. Accordingly, civil society – and in particular environmental non- governmental organisations (ENGOs) – has contributed to this process from its...

International cooperation to address the threat of climate change has become more institutionally diverse over the past decade, reflecting multiple scales of governance and the growing inclusion of climate change issues in other policy arenas. Cooperation under the United Nations Framework...

International climate negotiations have specified that projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) should not lead to a "diversion" of official development assistance (ODA). It is however unchallenged that ODA can be used in capacity building for the CDM. Diversion can be interpreted in...

Afforestation and reforestation (AR) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism are able to create emission permits that can be accounted against the industrialized countries' commitments for limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion of how to...