a very important source of technology transfer and productivity spillovers for the host countries. At the same time, the … European countries. By comparing two estimation methodologies, OLS first difference (after having first estimated the …

-producing country such as the U.S. is associated with a 0.15% lower level of productivity. Second, technological knowledge has become … more global over the sample period. As a determinant of productivity, foreign R&D has significantly gained in importance …

cluster. Yet, most studies on the productivity effects of agglomerations measure innovation with patent data, thus capturing … alternative proxy for productivity, complementing the literature by covering a broad range of software engineering. With user … activity data covering the years 2015 to 2021, we relate cluster size to an individual's productivity. Our findings suggest …

concentration, with Silicon Valley as the epitome of a tech cluster. We investigate productivity effects of knowledge worker … productivity increases by 2.8 percent with a ten percent increase in cluster size, the share of the software engineering community … in a technology field located in the same city. Instrumental variable and dynamic estimation results suggest these …

show higher productivity levels as compared to those located in smaller regions, the role of an agglomeration is very … distinct depending on the foundation type. Spin-offs in larger regions tend to keep the higher productivity level shown in the …