This article examines a form of regulatory capture that occurs when significant ambiguity exists regarding the environmental protection standards for new types of activities in the marine environment. To begin with, there is little research that categorizes the typologies of regulatory capture...

Under international law, state's territorial sovereignty ends at its boundaries and any hydrocarbons reservoirs that straddle across would belong to a different state with control over such territory. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework for...

We show that the incorporation of offshore entities increases when oil and gas exploration licences are awarded. We exploit leaked data on the incorporation of shell companies and detailed information on tax havens and the awarding rounds of oil licences to construct a new data set covering 119...