In this paper, we study whether Swiss employers substitute between training apprentices and hiring cross-border workers …. Because both training apprentices and hiring skilled workers are costly for firms, we hypothesize that (easier) access to … therefore its possibility to fall back on cross-border workers to satisfy its labor demand. We find that both OLS and 2SLS …

subsidies, but mostly by retaining a high share of apprentices as skilled workers, and thereby save on future hiring costs. …

subsidies, but mostly by retaining a high share of apprentices as skilled workers, and thereby save on future hiring costs. …