This working paper provides an overview of the main markets relevant to the EIF, with a particular focus on the impact of COVID-19. It starts by discussing the general market environment, then looks at the main aspects of equity finance and the markets for SME debt products and, finally, it...

The new bank regulations generally summarised as Basel IV include the introduction of an out-put floor. This means that banks are allowed less deviation from standard approaches when using internal models. This change will have far-reaching consequences. According to estimates by the European...

This paper provides evidence on the role of non-base wage components as a channel for firms to adjust labour costs in the event of adverse shocks. It uses data from a firm-level survey for 25 European countries that covers the period 2010-2013. We find that firms subject to nominal wage...

The EU has made democracy support a stronger aspect in its relations with African countries since 2002. However, a broad range of political and economic dynamics within as well as outside of Europe challenge democracy and its supporters: the rise of non-democratic countries such as China,...

This paper discusses the introduction of new own resources to finance the EU budget. Currently roughly two thirds of the budget is financed from GNI-based own resources, which are essentially contributions made by the member states out of national tax revenues. While GNI resources are...

This report elucidates the risk channels for EU economies associated with international financial integration and provides an overview of the macroprudential policy options that are available to address these risks. It builds on the main insights from the rich academic literature developed...

Die wirtschaftlichen und institutionellen Beziehungen zwischen der Schweiz und der EU sind in über 100 verschiedenen Abkommen und zugehörigen Protokollen geregelt. Zu den bedeutendsten Verträgen zählen das Freihandelsabkommen von 1972 und die Abkommen im Rahmen der Bilateralen I und der...

This working paper elaborates on the most recent update of the EIF SME Access to Finance (ESAF) Index, a composite indicator used to monitor the state of SME external financing markets in the 27 EU countries and the UK. The current update, using the latest available data, constitutes the seventh...

This study documents the results of a research project examining where, when and how multiple jobholding has changed in Europe over the past decades. The research was conducted by a research team from the University of Amsterdam (UvA AIAS-HSI) and addresses changes in individual and occupational...