Integrated and combined cycles (ICC, CC) traditionally involve gas and steam turbines only. The paper analyses the further integration of high-temperature fuel cells (FC) having high electrical efficiency reaching up to 60% compared with 30–35% for most gas turbines. The previous research on...

Energy use continues to rise and with it the emissions of CO2. Energy efficiency methods have been applied across sectors. Efficiency gains and energy use per manufactured unit have fallen, particularly in relation to the processing industry. Residential, work place, leisure, and service sectors...