This paper shows that top management structures in large US firms radically changed since the mid-1980s. While the number of managers reporting directly to the CEO doubled, the growth was driven primarily by functional managers rather than general managers. Using panel data on senior management...

We gather detailed data on organizational practices and IT use at 253 firms to examine the hypothesis that external focus – the ability of a firm to detect and therefore respond to changes in its external operating environment – increases returns to information technology, especially when...