We examine the role of alignment between organizational social consciousness and the informal and formal institutions of a country in increasing female representation on boards. We find the greater the alignment between organizational social consciousness and certain formal (i.e., a gender...

The current proxy voting system in the United States has become the subject of considerable controversy. Because institutional investment managers have the authority to vote their clients’ proxies, they have a fiduciary obligation to those clients. Frequently, in an attempt to fulfill that...