's accession to the World Trade Organization) (WTO) in 2001. We also show that there is a positive upstream spillover effect of FDI …

of the receiving country. We test the empirical implications of our model using patent data in renewable and fossil … Moment estimator. We show that knowledge transfer through patent duplication increases with the level of IPR protection, but … more sensitive to uncertainty. Commitment to EPs also increases the incentives for patent duplication. The magnitude of the …