This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the profile of village and small-town enterprises in Pakistan drawing on a large-scale survey of enterprises. Although the enterprise sector does not appear to be particularly dynamic, the data indicate that there has been employment growth in this...

Information and communication technology (ICT) has contributed to global electronic commerce. In this study, researchers examine the effects of two types of ICT usage (Internet and wireless) on two types of e-commerce, namely, business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). Based on...

This study investigates the existence of political rents in bank lending, using a comprehensive loan-level data set of the universe of commercial loans in Mexico from 2003 to 2012. Identification relies on changes in the state of origin of a senate committee chairman as a source of exogenous...

This paper examines a possible connection between China's massive rural to urban migration and high chemical fertilizer use rates during the late 1980s and 1990s. Using panel data on villages in rural China (1987-2002), we find that labor out-migration and fertilizer use per hectare are...

Recruiting and retaining leaders and public servants at the grass-roots level in developing countries creates a potential tension between providing sufficient returns to attract talent and limiting the scope for excessive rent-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that...

In this paper, we employ a unique tax experiment and dataset in a highly salient tax rate environment to examine consumer response to complex and uncertain tax reforms. Tax reforms raise some fundamental questions in public finance: How does consumption respond to tax change? How is the tax...

The global landscape has seen the advent of new technology in offering innovative financial services and products and reshaping the financial sector, namely FinTech. In this review, we discuss the literature on recent FinTech development and its interaction with both banks and consumers. We...