This paper examines how social exclusion contributes to violence in communities throughout Latin America and the … Caribbean. Residents in socially excluded communities cannot depend on those institutions designed to protect them, and violence … marginalized areas, some feel compelled to resort to violent acts. This paper discusses how social exclusion and violence interact …

The study documents how people living in poor urban communities in Colombia, perceive violence, and identifies, the … categories of violence affecting communities, the costs of different types of violence, the effect of violence on social capital … the prevention of violence, such as state security, and justice institutions, were the least trusted. Interestingly …

violence against civilians, but over time there was a decrease. We also find that COVID-19 had an early demobilising effect vis …-à-vis protest and mob violence, a consequence of lockdowns and mobility restrictions. Yet, protest has quickly returned to pre …