The directional distance function (DDF) framework has been widely used to estimate the marginal abatement cost (MAC) of CO2 emissions to support decision-making in environmental sustainability and climate change issues. In the use of DDF, an important task is mapping evaluated entities towards a...

This paper introduces a multi-layer network approach to explore risk contagions in a sample of top energy firms in the world. Large energy companies play a very important role in the international energy market. Mapping their responses to different types of shocks provides profound implications...