Nonstate certification programs have formed in the past 20 years to address social and environmental problems associated with production practices in several economic sectors. These programs embody the idea that information disclosure can be a tool for NGOs, investors, governments, and consumers...

For over a generation, government, business, and non-governmental organizations have been increasingly turning to “market mechanisms” to promote sustainable forestry around the world. In contrast to traditional “command and control” approaches in which governments require and enforce a...

For those championing an international institutional solution to climate change, the forest-climate linkage through reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and forest enhancement (REDD+) may be one of the most promising strategic linkages to date. Following a series of...

Jurisdictional approaches (JAs) have emerged over the past decade as a significant mode of sustainable commodity governance, particularly in tropical forest countries. JAs are characterized by multistakeholder initiatives with substantial government involvement, aiming to integrate...