There is growing interest in examining the short-term link between survey-based confidence indicators and real economic … measures of consumer confidence and actual consumption, in a range of major industrial countries. It then extends such previous …

examines investor sentiment as measured by the Consumer Confidence Index in South Africa and its effect on the Johannesburg … Confidence Index and market performance. The results show weak evidence of a contemporaneous relationship; however, significant …While most studies examine the impact of business confidence on market performance, we instead focus on the consumer …

method of correlation–regression analysis. We chose the consumer-confidence index, manufacturing purchasing manager’s index …The COVID-19 pandemic and induced economic and social constraints have significantly impacted the confidence of both … business sentiment are still lacking. Thus, in our research we aim to identify consumer and business confidence indicators …

-19 research by examining the impact of the changes in the mutual influence of Confidence indexes and macro indicators …