We investigate how a deferred patent examination system promotes ex-ante screening of patent applications, which reduces both the number of granted patents and the use of economic resources for examinations, without reducing the return from R&D. Based on a real option theory, we develop a model...

Using the framework of contract economics, we assess the determinants of the choice of vertical integration, relational contracting (keiretsu sourcing) or market sourcing by seven Japanese automobile manufacturers (OEMs) with respect to 54 components. Our major findings are as follows. First,...