offers no direct evidence of how productivity gains from agglomeration compare with higher costs of production. This paper … aims to shed light on the balance between local productivity and local costs in science. Using a novel dataset, we estimate … scientists in each area. We then compare these costs with estimates of the corresponding productivity benefits of more scientist …

sample and the author's improved econometric methods allows one to better understand and measure how important income growth … effects positively affect the city's productivity, while negative externalities underlie the city's development patterns …

productivity sort across city sizes and select into exporting. The model allows us to study the geographic implications of trade … raises not only the aggregate productivity of the economy but also its aggregate export intensity, by allowing more firms to …