Indian policy makers have welcomed India's framing as a "rising power" and celebrated the BRICS initiative as a common front in reforming aspects of global governance. Yet China's rise in Asia has unsettled the balances of power which have underpinned the region, as a consequence of which India...

We analyze the role of economic and security considerations in bilateral trade agreements. We use the pre-World War I period to test whether trade agreements are governed by pecuniary factors, such as distance and other frictions measured by gravity covariates, or by geopolitical factors. While...

Drawing on global media reports, we conduct a sentiment analysis of the image of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the evolution of its image over time. Our main finding is that perceptions of the initiative deteriorated significantly in many geographies from 2017 to 2022. The notable...