An increasing proportion of greenhouse gas emissions is produced in urban areas in industrializing and developing countries. Recent research shows that per capita emissions in cities like Bangkok, Cape Town or Shanghai have already reached the level of cities like London, New York or Toronto....

In the political struggle for finding a solution for the global climate crisis participation of civil society voices is explicitly invited. Accordingly, civil society – and in particular environmental non- governmental organisations (ENGOs) – has contributed to this process from its...

Afforestation and reforestation (AR) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism are able to create emission permits that can be accounted against the industrialized countries' commitments for limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion of how to...

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that was created in the third Conference of Parties in 1997. This book examines the current status and characteristics of CDM projects in developing countries. Secondly, it clarifies ways to adjust the differences in...