For the most part, out-groups achieve political incorporation by techniques of agitation, protest, and legal challenges. In other words, out-groups generally have to fight hard against the political and institutional opposition of in-groups to gain equal access to the polls. But out-group...

Scholars have long noted the importance of contextual and group effects in mobilizing voters to the polls. This is especially important for minority groups. However, a paucity of scholarly work has investigated the motivation behind cross-racial mobilization. As the electorate continues to...

Examines Black / African American participationin the new personal wireless communications services (PCS)industry.Examines a case study of the efforts of African Americanbusinesses to obtain PCS licenses. Describes PCS technology and the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) auctions that...

This essay summarizes the results of a large-scale randomized experiment conducted during the 2000 election campaign by the NAACP National Voter Fund, which sought to mobilize African-American voters. Focusing solely on the direct mail and phone banking components of the NAACP-NVF campaign, this...