Family planning is a critical issue in countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa, where high fertility rates … within a woman's ethnic group. Second, postpartum abstinence is de facto pronatalist, as it increases the number of children … ever born to a woman. At the same time, it increases the number of children of a woman who have died; lengthens birth …

children being born, reducing the rates of extremely preterm births and infant mortality. My most conservative estimates …

This paper presents novel causal evidence on the effects of pro-natalist cash transfers on fertility, sex ratio at … total fertility rate in 2015 would have been 4.7% lower without the cash transfers. Surprisingly, the cash transfers had an …