This paper discusses, first, the properties of scientific and technological knowledge and the institutions supporting …, contrary to the ʺparadoxʺ conjecture, European weaknesses reside both in its system of scientific research and in a relatively … various types of ʺnetworkingʺ and much more on policy measures aimed to both strengthen ʺfrontierʺ research and strengthen …

questioning the view that R&D (and formal knowledge in general) equates innovation and innovation equates regional growth. We … several knowledge and innovation indicators, ranging from R&D expenditures, patent data, to newly released data on different … possible different attitudes and patterns of innovation that we control for, such as regional preconditions for knowledge and …