European gas markets experienced a very turbulent period from 2020 to 2022, which led to the lowest ever northwest European gas prices at the end of May 2020, then several strong rallies led to four successive ‘highest ever’ prices, the most recent being in August 2022. After each of those...

In late 2021, an energy crisis emerged in the European Union (EU) as a result of (i) high energy prices following the summer season and (ii) various geopolitical and technical events. These circumstances had an impact in the operation of the EU natural gas system and the security of gas supply...