reduce standardization, impede innovation, and constrain market negotiation of patent license agreements. The article … decision making. SEP holders and implementers create negotiated FRAND commitments through patent license agreements. Courts … introduces the concept of the “patent run-around” to describe potential effects of “licensing to all” regulations. The article …

this seeming contradiction is patent royalties. Companies that contribute novel ideas to the standards protect them by … filing patents. Where a patent is used in the standard, it is called a “Standards Essential Patent” (SEP). Companies that own …