Free trade and its limits -- The potential and limitations of interpretation in WTO law -- The role and function of non-economic exception clauses in trade -- Models of non-economic justification clauses in WTO law : GATT/GATS versus SPS/TBT -- The non-economic grounds of justification in Art....

At the Ninth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) held in Bali on 3–6 December 2013, the ministers agreed upon the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation (ATF). This paper assesses the level of ambition of the ATF from two angles. First, the use of softening language in...

We estimate the effects of trade facilitation on export diversification, as measured by two extensive margins: the number of products exported by destination and the number of export destinations served by product. To address the issue of causality, we employ an identification strategy whereby...