Customs-related corruption costs World Customs Organisation (WCO) members at least $2 billion in customs revenue each … only help reduce corruption and improve efficiency - in a large number of customs agencies -- if the customs agency …'s director undertakes a big-bang approach to reform. We also find support for the corruption clubs theory - that customs agencies …

within the larger framework of the ongoing global anti-corruption movement. Governmental policies aimed at fighting … corruption are part of the good governance criteria set forth by the World Bank and other donor agencies. An important element of … argues that from the perspective of the post-Cold War anti-corruption movement, the WTO is an important institution because …