The proliferation of international tribunals has given rise to much concern about potential conflicts between judicial decisions and possible ‘fragmentation' of international law. Most of the discussions have focused on conflicts of jurisdictions and conflicts of norms that may result from...

Trade policy commitments to lower import tariffs and to maintain tariffs at low levels entail short and long-run political-economic costs and benefits. Empirical work examining the relationship between such commitments and the exercise of trade policy flexibilities is still relatively nascent,...