This paper analyzes the effects of female enrollment rates in primary, secondary and higher education on economic growth of GDP per capita. Alternatively, male enrollment rates in each of these three levels of education are analyzed. Moreover, the gender parity index, with girls to boys...

Eastern European countries have been transitioning out of communism and some have followed the Latin American and European countries' path of changing from a public social security system, toward a system that includes private accounts. They have chosen mixed systems with private as well as...

Since the 1980s, over 30 countries have implemented various kinds of personal social security accounts. Most counties have adopted them as a part of their social security systems, to also continue to fund their public pay-as-you-go system. This paper analyzes the effects of adopting private...

Economic theory predicts that military conscription is associated with static inefficiencies as well as with dynamic distortions of the accumulation of human and physical capital. Relative to an economy with an all-volunteer force, output levels and growth rates should be lower in countries that...

Using data from 1960-2000 for OECD countries, we analyze the impact of compulsory military service on the demand for higher education, measured by students enrolled in tertiary education as a share of the working-age population. Based on a theoretical model, we hypothesize that military draft...

We find that the Nonneman and Vanhoudt (1996) extension to include R&D in the Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) growth model with human capital performs well also outside of OECD countries. It explains 61 to 86 percent of cross-country variation in income and growth over 40 years, explanatory...

Using data from 1960-2000 for OECD countries, we analyze the impact of compulsory military service on the demand for higher education, measured by students enrolled in tertiary education as a share of the working-age population. Based on a theoretical model, we hypothesize that military draft...