The foreign exchange reserves of the Czech National Bank (CNB) increased roughly three and a half times to EUR 124.6 billion while the exchange rate commitment was in place between November 2013 and April 2017. This unprecedented growth has led the CNB to review how the reserves are managed....

This study examines the persistence of currency substitution in Nigeria by applying the Bounds testing approach to cointegration and including a ratchet variable in the estimated Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Empirical results show that factors such as exchange rate risks,...

This paper examines the existence, causes and effects of currency substitution in Nigeria by estimating conventional money demand equations based on a partial adjustment and an autoregressive distributed lag models using three definitions of monetary aggregates. The behavior of the foreign...