This paper analyses the effects of the Single European Market and Swedish Investment liberalisation on the structure of Swedish multinationals with their EU affiliates. The empirical results suggest that the determinants associated with horizontal and vertical multinationals have become...

The direct effect of EU directives was recognised more than 40 years ago. However, directives are not by definition binding for individuals, which is one of the reasons why the CJEU was reluctant to enable to rely on directives in the litigations between private parties. This has created...