the role of (negative) income effects. We consider a political economic theoretical framework, with actuarial "fair" and … "unfair" system — to more early retirement. Aging induces a negative income effect, but has also an opposite political effects …

. They find that, in the 1950s and 1960s, voting for the "left" was associated with lower-educated and low-income voters …. After that, voting for the "left" has gradually become associated with higher-educated voters, while high-income voters have … continued to vote for the "right". In the 2010s, there is a disconnection between the effects of income and education on voting …